The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has released the first annual One Health Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance report, shedding light on the evolving landscape of vector-borne diseases in England. This comprehensive report, a collaboration between UKHSA, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), and the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), offers a detailed analysis of human, animal, and vector data, painting a picture of the changing risk of vector-borne diseases in the region.
One of the key findings is the persistent prevalence of Lyme disease, which remains the most common locally acquired vector-borne infection in England. In 2025, 1,168 laboratory-confirmed acute cases were reported, a slight increase from 2024 (959 cases) and similar to the numbers recorded in 2023 (1,151 cases). This trend highlights the ongoing challenge posed by Lyme disease and the need for continued vigilance.
The report emphasizes the importance of public awareness and simple precautions to prevent tick bites and manage symptoms. Removing ticks promptly using appropriate tools is crucial, as tick bites can occur year-round, with peak activity in late spring and summer. These measures are essential to mitigate the risk of Lyme disease, which can have serious health implications if left untreated.
Additionally, the report confirms two probable cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex in 2025, both without a history of international travel. This brings the total number of locally acquired human cases to six since the virus was first identified in the UK in 2019. TBE complex, a complex diagnosis, underscores the importance of accurate testing and understanding the nuances between closely related viruses.
While no locally acquired mosquito-borne infections were reported, the report highlights a growing concern regarding mosquito-borne viruses. West Nile virus, detected in UK mosquitoes in 2023, and Usutu virus, now considered endemic in south-east England, pose emerging threats. The report also notes a rising risk of transmission for various mosquito-borne infections across Europe, with France experiencing significant outbreaks of West Nile virus in 2025.
The Aedes albopictus mosquito, a vector for dengue and chikungunya viruses, has established itself in 16 European countries. The report documents a record number of locally acquired chikungunya cases in Europe in 2025, following a similar trend for dengue fever in 2024. These findings underscore the expanding reach of these viruses and the need for enhanced surveillance and preparedness.
Professor Lea BerrangFord, Deputy Director of the Centre for Climate & Health Security at UKHSA, emphasizes the changing risk landscape due to climate change, urbanization, and global trade and travel. The report's publication, along with updated national contingency plans for invasive Aedes mosquitoes and West Nile virus, demonstrates a collaborative effort to monitor emerging threats and ensure the UK's preparedness. Dr. Arran Folly, APHA's Head of the Vector-Borne RADAR project, underscores the importance of early warning systems and the One Health approach in spotting threats, strengthening preparedness, and protecting both people and animals from vector-borne diseases.
In conclusion, the inaugural One Health Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance report highlights the dynamic nature of vector-borne diseases in England. As the UKHSA and its partners continue to monitor and address these threats, the public's awareness and proactive measures remain vital in safeguarding health and well-being.
